Infectious diseases

How to prevent malaria:
The main objective of malaria vector control is to significantly reduce the rate and number of cases of both parasite infection and clinical malaria. This is achieved by controlling the malaria-bearing mosquito and thereby reducing or interrupting transmission.
1. Apply insect repellent to skin. The US Center for Disease Control recommends the following repellents: (DEET, Picaridin, Oil of Lemon Eucalyptus or PMD, IR3535)
2. Use bed nets, which can be used to provide protection to risk groups, especially young children and pregnant women in high transmission areas. This provides personal protection. The nets can also protect communities when coverage is high enough.
3. Use insecticide and flying insect sprays to reduce the number of mosquitoes, indoor residual spraying is the most effective means of rapidly reducing mosquito density. Its full potential is obtained when at least 80 % of premises with malaria vectors are sprayed.
4. Wear long-sleeved clothing.
5. Avoiding camping or spending prolonged amounts of time in areas where standing water is present. Keep pots and pans emptied of water. Open vessels for drinking water should be covered. Mosquitoes use areas of standing water to lay their eggs.
6. If possible, stay in screened quarters or quarters with air conditioning.
Beside, early diagnosis and prompt treatment are two basic elements of malaria control. Access to disease management should be seen not only as a component of malaria control but a fundamental right of all populations at risk.


HIV and TB form a lethal combination, each speeding the other's progress. HIV weakens the immune system. Someone who is HIV-positive and infected with TB bacilli is many times more likely to become sick with TB than someone infected with TB bacilli who is HIV-negative. TB is a leading cause of death among people who are HIV-positive.
How to prevent Tuberculosis and HIV/Aids effectively at the global level:
1.Strengthening health system. Contributing to overall strategies to advance financing, planning, management, information and supply systems and innovative service delivery scale-up.
2.Empowering people with TB and HIV/Aids, and communities. Mobilizing civil societies and also ensure political support and long-term sustainability for TB and HIV/Aids control programmes.
3.Strengthen education. Do more propaganda through communities and schools to tell people the route of transmission, the perniciousness, the precautions.
4.Vaccination. BCG, or bacillus Calmette-Guérin, is a vaccine for tuberculosis disease. But for HIV/Aids, we haven’t found yet, do more research.
5.Screening methods/ Get tested. Good way to find out TB or HIV/Aids in time, to make diagnosis and to give treatment at early stage.
6.Enabling and promoting research. While current tools can control TB and HIV/Aids, improved practices and elimination will depend on new diagnostics, drugs and vaccines.
7.Something special for HIV/Aids. Use barrier protection(like condoms and dental dams) consistently and every time; Reduce the number of sexual partners; Use clean and sterile needles; Clearly label and properly dispose of sharps; Use personal protective gear(Health care practitioners (and those who live with people with AIDS or are HIV positive) should use gloves, face masks and shields).
8.The control method of TB and HIV/Aids. Besides some I mentioned above, there are still: Engaging all care providers. TB and HIV/Aids patients seek care from a wide array of public, private, corporate and voluntary health-care providers. To be able to reach all patients and ensure that they receive high-quality care, all types of health-care providers are to be engaged. Pursuing high-quality control strategy and enhancement. Making high-quality services widely available and accessible to all those who need them, including the poorest and most vulnerable, requires expansion to even the remotest areas. Addressing TB/HIV, MDR-TB and other challenges.

In a word, there is no single best approach to TB and HIV prevention; the response must be designed to fit local conditions and the state of the epidemic. Nevertheless, most of the successful programmes do have at least four features in common.
Firstly, encouraging open communication about TB and AIDS and the activities that put people at risk of infection, while at the same time combating stigma and discrimination.
Secondly, it should be pragmatic. Especially for AIDS, rather than just trying to eliminate certain types of sexual behavior or drug use, they recognize that some people will continue to do these things, and that they should be helped to do so more safely.
Thirdly, we should involve the affected communities themselves in programme design and implementation. This ensures that the programme is carefully tailored to the communities’ needs, and that it is seen as something done “with them” rather than “to them”. The work of small community-based organizations has been vital to each of these successful programmes.
Last but not least, strong leadership is essential for TB and HIV prevention campaigns to have a far-reaching and sustained impact. This means that politicians, religious leaders and others in authority must become actively involved in the response, and must ensure that it receives adequate resources. If all of the world’s leaders truly committed themselves to this cause then a great many lives would be saved.